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ElectricitySince the French electricity and natural gas markets were fully opened up to competition on 1 July 2007, consumers have been free to choose their energy supplier.
As a result of deregulation, suppliers other than the incumbent operator, who are known as “alternative” suppliers, entered the retail electricity market, and consumers are now able to choose between two types of offers:
Consumers whose subscribed capacity is less than or equal to 36 kVa may cancel their contracts and switch to a new product or supplier at any time, at no additional cost and with no interruption in their supply.
Since 1 January 2019, households whose annual taxable income per head is less than €10,700 may be eligible for an energy voucher, which can be used to pay an energy bill, care home charge or to cover the costs of home energy renovation. The energy voucher is the replacement for the previous “social rates” applied to electricity and gas bills. For more information, visit the government website about it.
As of 31 March 2022, 40% of residential and non-residential sites choose a contract at market price (31% with alternative suppliers). 60% of the sites are supplied under regualted tariffs.
As of 31 March 2022, 72% of the total consumption is supplied under market based price, of which 44% with alternative suppliers.
The retail price (net of tax) of an electricity product, whether at the regulated tariff or the market price, includes:
The retail electricity price also includes two contributions and two taxes, which apply in the same way to the bills paid by consumers at the regulated tariff or at market rates:
Energie-info.fr, the website of the National Energy Ombudsman, offers comprehensive information on the supply of electricity and natural gas. In particular, it gives access to:
- an independent price comparison tool, the only one set up by the public authorities accessible on the internet;
- practical sheets with a lot of information and advice in energy (billing, change of suppliers, taxes, etc.).
Both the incumbent and alternative suppliers offer products at market prices.
Consumers may choose:
“Green” electricity refers to electricity generated from renewable sources (hydro-electric, wind, solar, geothermal, etc.) or by CHP. Green offers allow consumers to obtain renewable electricity from a certified source.
Regulated sale tariffs are governed by Articles L.337-4 to L.337-9 and R. 337-18 et seq. of the French Energy Code. They are available from the incumbent operators: EDF and the 162 local distribution companies.
Since 1 January 2016, in metropolitan France, only consumers who have subscribed capacity lower than or equal to 36 kVA are eligible for regulated tariffs.
Regulated tariffs are established by adding the price of regulated access to incumbent nuclear electricity (known by the acronym “ARENH”), the cost of the electricity supply complement which includes the capacity guarantee, transmission costs and marketing costs, as well as a normal rate of return on investment. This method aims to ensure that these tariffs can be “challenged” by alternative suppliers, i.e. they are able to offer consumers market products at prices equal to or lower than the regulated sale tariff.
Article 64 of Law No. 2019-1147, promulgated on 8 November 2019, on energy and cli-mate (LEC) puts an end to the regulated electricity tariffs of incumbent suppliers. From 1 January 2021, only the following sites subscribing to a power of less than or equal to 36 kilovoltampères can benefit from regulated electricity sales tariffs:
- Domestic final consumers, including land lords and syndicates of co-owners of a single residential building;
- Non-domestic final consumers who employ fewer than ten persons and whose annual turnover, revenue or balance sheet total does not exceed EUR 2 million.
Since 8 December 2015, CRE has sent the Ministers for Economy and Energy proposals for regulated electricity sale tariffs, along with reasoned arguments. The government then has three months in which to contest the proposals.
In practice, the retail markets in electricity and gas work according to rules established by working groups set up by CRE in 2005. These WGs include all of the stakeholders concerned: consumer representatives, suppliers, system operators and the government. Under the aegis of CRE, they have defined common operating procedures for professionals in the industry.
The operating rules (or procedures) between suppliers and system operators in respect of professional or residential clients are laid down in the “customer reference base”, which has been in force since the electricity and natural gas markets were opened up to competition. The reference base is the result of work by two consultation bodies: the Electricity Working Group (GTE) and the Gas Working Group (GTG).